[Dynamic features of tumefactive demyelinating lesions in different clinical stages by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging].

Objective: To explore the dynamic features of tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs) in different clinical stages by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Thirty-five patients with TDLs proven by pathological studies were prospectively recruited from January 2015 to January 2017.Brain contrast-enhanced MRI of the patients in different clinical stages including acute phase, subacute phase and chronic phase were completed after enrollment.The characteristics of contrast-enhanced MRI in different clinical stages were compared and the evolutional characteristics were summarized. Results: (1) Acute phase (35/35): the patterns of enhancement were patchy (74.3%, n=26), nodule (34.3%, n=12), closed ring (14.3%, n=5) and open ring (11.4%, n=4). (2) Subacute phase (32/35): the patterns of enhancement were open ring (40.6%, n=13), closed ring (31.3%, n=10), patchy (25.0%, n=8) and irregular edge of enhancement (21.9%, n=7). (3) Chronic phase (15/35): the patterns of enhancement were pale patchy (10/15), open ring (5/15) and closed ring (2/15). (4) The proportions of enhancement patterns including patchy, nodule, edge enhancement and pale patchy were significantly different among different clinical stages: ① The patchy and nodule were the more common enhancement patterns in acute phase. ② The edge enhancement was found mostly in subacute phase. ③ The pale patchy was found mostly in chronic phase. Conclusions: The manifestation of the lesions on contrast-enhanced MRI may have some characteristics of dynamic evolution according to different clinical stages.The dynamic observation may be helpful for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of TDLs.

[Clinical, neuroimaging and genetic features of two Chinese families with fatal familial insomnia].

Objective: To examine clinical, neuroimaging and genetic features of two Chinese families with fatal familial insomnia (FFI). Methods: The clinical data, including case history, physical examination, biochemical analysis of blood and neuroimaging of two pedigrees with FFI who admitted to the Navy General Hospital in 2014 and 2017 were collected. The D178N prion protein (PRNP) mutation were determined by DNA sequencing among the proband and family members. Results: There were 6 patients in 2 families, 5 male and 1 female. The onset age of disease in family 1 was 47 and 60 years old respectively, and 46, 58, 58, 60 years old respectively in family 2. In terms of disease course, patients in family 1 had a rapid disease course and died half year after onset while patients in family 2 had a relatively slow disease course and survived more than 1 year after onset.The induced factors of the patients in the family 1 were fright, followed by abnormal behaviors and sleep disorders accompanied by autonomic nervous dysfunction; the clinical features of the pedigree 2 were memory loss, decreased sleep and motor disorder without obvious inducement, and the autonomic nervous dysfunction was not significant. The neuroimaging examination of 2 probands showed a mild atrophy of the whole brain and no ribbon sign. The electroencephalography (EEG) did not show typical triphasic waves. Both cases had a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 14-3-3 protein and PrP D178N /Met-129 mutation.All patients were given traditional sedatives or anti-anxiety and depression drugs which were with poor efficacy. Conclusions: The major clinical manifestations of FFI are sleep disorders accompanied by mental disorders. The clinical manifestations are similar among different individuals within one family, however, there is obvious clinical variability among different families. The neuroimaging examination shows a mild atrophy of the whole brain and no ribbon sign. There are no typical triphasic waves in EEG. Positive CSF 14-3-3 protein and PrP D178N /Met-129 mutation are common in FFI. Traditional sedatives or anti-anxiety and depression drugs may have poor efficacy.

[The role of aquaporin 4 antibody in the injury of retinal microstructure in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders].

Objective: To evaluate the injury of retinal microstructure using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and investigate the role of aquaporin 4 antibody (AQP4 Ab) in this injury process. Methods: Forty patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) were retrospectively studied, each of whom reported at least one episode of optic neuritis (ON), namely 59 ON eyes involved in all. All patients were divided into two subgroups based on AQP4 Ab tests including 25 patients (37 ON eyes) with AQP4 positive (Ab(+)/NMOSD group) and 15 patients (22 ON eyes) negative (Ab(-)/NMOSD group). In addition, 10 healthy controls (20 eyes) matched for age and sex (HC group) were analyzed. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was used to quantify peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Nonparametric test was used to compare differences between groups. Results: Age distribution and gender ratio were comparable in three groups (P>0.05). Visual acuity in ON eyes of Ab(+)/NMOSD group was worse than that of Ab(-)/NMOSD group (P=0.02). There were no significant differences between Ab(+)/NMOSD and Ab(-)/NMOSD in aspects of disease duration (2.6 vs. 1.9 year), ON episodes (2 vs. 1), longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) ratio (48.0% vs. 66.7%), NMOSD specific intracranial lesions ratio (32.0% vs. 53.3%), positive autoimmune antibody ratio (52.0% vs. 20.0%) (P= 0.13, 0.08, 0.25, 0.18, 0.06, respectively). The thickness of temporal, superior, nasal, inferior and average RNFL in ON eyes of both Ab(+)/NMOSD and Ab(-)/NMOSD group were thinner than those in eyes of HC group (all P<0.05). The thickness of superior and inferior RNFL in ON eyes of Ab(+)/NMOSD were 61.0 µm and 62.0 µm, which was thinner than those of Ab(-)/NMOSD 94.5 µm and 97.0 µm (P=0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: RNFL reflects the injury of retinal microstructure in NMOSD patients. AQP4 Ab seropositivity is correlated to the severity of RNFL damage, implying the potential role of AQP4 Ab in this pathological process.

[Clinical presentations of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with ultra-longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis].

Objective: To analyze the clinical presentations of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) with ultra-longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (uLETM), in order to improve the diagnostic accuracy of this disorder. Methods: Twenty-two uLETM patients was recruited and retrospectively analyzed for general clinical characteristics, laboratory tests and MRI characteristics, as well as therapeutic. Results: (1)The Male-to-female ratio was 1∶6. The median onset age was 31 years old. The duration from the first relapse to the onset was 5.5 months. (2)The positive rate of serum water channel aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) in the acute phase was 86.4%. The positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AQP4-Ab in the acute phase was 69.2%. The positive rate of autoimmune antibodies was 72.7%. There was a remarkable difference (Z=-12.632, P=0.000) in serum AQP4-Ab titer levels between with the acute and remission period (median titer of 1∶244.78 to 1∶139.63). There was a remarkable difference (Z=-20.161, P=0.000) in geometric mean of serum AQP4-Ab titer levels between with CSF AQP4-Ab positive (1∶289.8) and negative (1∶36.2). (3)63.6% of the uLETM patients had 10-15 contiguous segments, 31.8% had 16-19 contiguous segments and 4.5% had whole spinal cord affected. 72.7% of the lesions of uLETM were sliver. The detection rate of optic nerve lesion by MRI was 63.6% and brain sliver lesions was seen in 63.6% of the patients.(4) All patients improved after treatment with high-dose glucocorticoids (GCs) in the acute phase. 15 cases treated with long-term oral administration of low-dose GCs in remission stage of NMOSD. 6 cases treated with mycophenolate mofetil. 1 case treated with intravenous immunoglobulins. Conclusions: NMOSD with uLETM is predominantly seen in young woman. The high risk period of relapse is 5.5 months after the onset. A high portion of NMOSD patients with uLETM have serum and CSF AQP4-Ab in acute phase. The therapy of GCs is recommended in acute phase. Combination of GCs with immunosuppressant can achieve stable and satisfactory effect in remission period of NMOSD.

[Clinical features of late-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders].

Objective: To study the clinical features of late-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders(LONMOSD). Methods: Twenty-eight patients with LONMOSD and fifty-one patients with early-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders(EONMOSD) hospitalized in Navy General Hospital from January 2014 to May 2017 were enrolled and were followed up by telephone or outpatient visiting. The clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations and imaging features of the two groups were compared. Results: (1)The average age of onset in group LONMOSD was(59±6) years old, and 24 cases were female(85.7%). (2) The history of prodromal infection in LONMOSD patients was less reported than that in group EONMOSD(14.3 vs 37.3%, P<0.05), but concomitant diseases were more common in LONMOSD patients(53.6% vs 3.9%, P<0.05). (3) In group of LONMOSD, the patients with transverse myelitis(TM )as the first symptom were less than that of EONMOSD group (39.3% vs 64.7%, P<0.05). (4) There was no significant difference in EDSS score either in acute or remission stage, laboratory and imaging findings between the two groups. Conclusion: Patients with LONMOSD have less history of prodromal infection, and those with TM as the first symptom are less than EONMOSD patients.

[The clinical analyses of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder initially presenting with area postrema syndrome in 14 patients].

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics of the neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) with the area postrema syndrome as the initial symptom. Methods: A total of 14 cases were enrolled in the study with the diagnose of NMOSD and the area postrema syndrome as the initial symptom. All the clinical data and imaging profiles by the contrasted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and spinal cord were collected and analyzed. Results: The median age of onset was (38.1±17.0) years old and the gender ratio of female to male was 10∶4. The serum aquaporin-4(AQP4)-IgG was positive in 11 subjects and several autoimmune antibodies was positive in 7 subjects. The lesions revealed by MRI of the head mainly located in the area postrema and ependymal periphery which often presented as the linear medullary lesion, while linear lesions over three pieces of vertebra were shown by MRI of the spinal cord which mainly in the grey matter and with a"H" shape around the spinal central canal. Misdiagnose happened in 11 subjects with seven of gastroesophageal reflux disease, two of neurogenic vomiting, one of spinal cord tuberculosis and one of stroke. Conclusions: NMOSD should be considered in patients with unexplained intractable nausea, vomiting and/or hiccups lasted for 48 hours or above, especially in those with positive nervous signs. Contrasted MRI and serum AQP4-IgG need to be performed in the suspected patients. Early detection is crucial for patients with NMOSD.

[Analysis of the clinical features of vestibular migraine with MRI changes].

Objective: To investigate the clinical features of vestibular migraine with MRI changes. Methods: The clinical data of 150 patients with vestibular migraine completing MRI examination in navy general hospital from August 2008 to August 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.Clinical features of 94 (62.7%) vestibular migraine patients with MRI changes were collected and analyzed according to the medical history, clinical symptoms and signs, as well as the result of auxiliary examinations. Results: The manifestations of MRI in vestibular migraine patients were mainly multiple punctate equal T(1) and long T(2) signals or high signals on FLAIR (fluid attenuated inversion recovery) in subcortical white matter. The average age of the patients at the visit was (52±15) years old, with the male to female ratio of 1∶3.1. The occurrence of vertigo and migraine were in no particular order, with 54.3% patients presenting migraine several years before vertigo. The duration of vertigo was mostly 24 hours to 72 hours (31.9%). The visual aura (55.3%), photophobia and phonophobia (67.0%) were the most frequently associated symptoms. Conclusions: The vestibular migraine patients with MRI changes have its own specific clinical characteristics and are mainly seen in female with visual aura. The associated symptoms of vestibular migraine appear mostly during the process of vertigo. The pathogenesis of cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) is not clear.

[Formulation and evaluation of diagnostic questionnaire for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo].

Objective: To formulate and evaluate a rapid assessment questionnaire for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV). Methods: The rapid assessment questionnaire for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo was developed based on the core clinical manifestations of BPPV.A total of 235 dizzy patients, with an average age of 56±16, were recruited from the Navy General Hospital during October 2015 to March 2016.The assessments were made by two specialists for BPPV, and the diagnoses were confirmed through follow-up.The reliability and validity of the scale questionnaire were analyzed with the SPSS 19.0 and the cutoff point was confirmed with the Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis. Results: Reliability test: Cronbach α value for the questionnaire was 0.644; Validity: KMO (Kasier-Meyer-Olkin) value for the questionnaire was 0.711.Two factors were used with a characteristic root of higher than 0.9.The total cumulative contribution rate was 53.816%.The load of each item was over 0.5.The range of the scale is 0 to 6 points, with the largest ROC curve area (0.894) at 3 points for the diagnosis of BPPV.The relative sensitivity and specialty were 92.45% and 71.60% , respectively. Conclusions: This rapid assessment questionnaire for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo posses good reliability and validity, and can be used as a tool for a quick diagnosis of BPPV for patients with dizziness. BPPV can be diagnosed with a score of 3 by using this questionnaire.

[A clinical analysis of 5 patients with infratentorial primary angiitis of central nervous system].

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics of infratentorial primary angiitis in central nervous system(PACNS). Methods: A total of 5 cases diagnosed as infratentorial PACNS in the neurology department of Navy General Hospital of PLA in 2015 were enrolled in the study. The clinical, imaging and pathological data were collected and analyzed. Results: All the 5 cases were male with the median onset age of thirty-four. Five cases presented with dizziness, two with headache, three with walking unstable, two with facial numbness and one with dysarthria. Rising pressure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (190-245 cmH(2)O, 1 cmH(2)O=0.098 kPa) was found in 4 cases by the lumbar puncture, mildly increased number of leukocyte in 2 cases [(12-28)×10(6)/L], increased CSF protein in 3 cases(540-979 mg/L) and increased IgG index in 3 cases(0.84-1.45). Pons lesions were revealed by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in 4 cases, brachium pontis lesions in 2 cases, cerebellum lesions in 2 cases, one with midbrain lesion in 1 case, unilateral lesions in 4 cases and bilateral lesion in 1 case. Different degree of edema and mass effect were shown in all lesions by MRI. Patch like enhancement was found by contrast MRI in 5 cases and meningeal enhancement in 2 cases. Elevation of choline(Cho)peak was found by magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS)in 4 cases, reduction of N-acetyl aspartate(NAA) peak in 3 cases, appearance of lactate peak in 1 case and lipid peak in another case. Arterial spin labeling(ASL) was performed in 4 cases and no hyperperfusion was found. Susceptibility weighted imaging(SWI) was performed in 3 cases and microhemorrhage in the lesions was found in 2 cases and normal in 1 case. Magnetic resonance arteriography(MRA) was performed in 1 case and no stenosis was found. Digital subtraction arteriography(DSA) was performed in 1 case and multiple stenosis of the intracranial arteries was showed. Two cases had taken the stereotactic brain biopsy and the histopathologic diagnosis was angiitis. Five cases were treated with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide was added on in 1 case. Good prognosis was found in all cases. Conclusions: Infratentorial PACNS mostly attacks middle-aged males. The lesions tend to locate in unilateral pons, brachium pontis, cerebellum and midbrain. Hemorrhage or microhemorrhage in lesions is often found by SWI and no hyperperfusion is shown by ASL, which would be useful to distinguish PACNS from malignant tumors. Given the limitations of brain biopsy in clinical practice, clinical and imaging features would be helpful to diagnose PACNS.

[A clinical report of five cases of central nervous system miliary tuberculomas first diagnosed by neurologists].

To explore the clinical characteristics and imaging features of miliary tuberculomas in central nervous system(CNS). A total of 5 cases diagnosed with tuberculosis in CNS first diagnosed by neurologists in Navy General Hospital of PLA were enrolled in the study. All clinical and imaging data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. The main initial symptoms were fever and headache (4/5). Multiple diffused miliary lesions were shown by brain MRI, with maximum diameter ranged from 1-4 mm and ring-shape or nodular enhancement after gadolinium injection. As mycobacterium tuberculosis could seldomly be found in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, contrast MRI remains the effective method for detecting miliary tuberculomas in CNS.

[Prognostic factors for inability to walk independently in patients with multiple system atrophy].

Objective: To explore the prognostic factors for inability to walk independently in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA). Methods: A total of 123 patients with clinically confirmed MSA admitted to Navy General Hospital and Dongfang Hospital affiliated to the Second Clinical Medical College of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, from February 2013 to February 2016, were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data and all records were collected and all subjects were followed up by a telephone call in February 2016. The second milestone of activities of daily living scale (ADL), defined as inability to walk independently, was taken as the primary outcome. Eight possible prognostic factors were investigated and the survival analysis was performed with Cox proportional hazards model regression. Results: Of all the MSA patients, 74 subjects were men and 49 were women with a sex radio of 1.51∶1(M∶F). Seventy cases were diagnosed with MSA-cerebellar type (MSA-C) and 53 with MSA-Parkinson type (MSA-P) (C∶P=1.32∶1). Mean age at the onset of first symptom was (53±8) years old. All patients had severe autonomic nervous dysfunction. At the last follow-up, 56 cases (45.5%) were unable to walk independently. The median survival time from the onset of MSA to inability to walk independently was 73 months. The age of onset ≥ 55 years (HR=1.969, 95%CI 1.095-3.542, P=0.024) and the interval time from disease onset to combined motor and autonomic involvement≤3 years (HR=2.308, 95%CI 1.158-4.600, P=0.017) were independent prognostic factors for inability to walk independently, while gender, MSA clinical subtypes, initial symptoms, alcohol intake, smoking and toxic exposure were not indicators for independent walking (P>0.05). Conclusions: The prognostic factors for inability to walk independently in patients with MSA are the age of onset ≥55 years and the interval time from disease onset to combined motor and autonomic involvement≤3 years. Although factors including gender, MSA clinical subtypes, initial symptoms, alcohol intake, smoking and toxic exposure are not the predictive factors for inability to walk independently in our MSA patients, their roles in the prognosis of MSA still need further investigation.

[Characteristics of sympathetic skin response in patients with multiple system atrophy].

Objective: To provide evidence for early clinical diagnosis of multiple system atrophy(MSA)by studying the characteristics of sympathetic skin responses(SSR) in the patients with MSA. Methods: A total of 47 MSA patients and 32 healthy individuals were enrolled as case group and normal control(NC) group, from in and out patients of Neurology Department of Navy General Hospital from July 2013 to August 2015. SSR was tested by Nicolet electromyography, the latency and abnormal and disappeared rate of SSR were compared. Results: The SSR latency of upper limbs and lower limbs in MSA group had statistical significance compared respectively with the NCgroup (upper limbs: SSR latency was(1 485±187)ms in MSA group, and(1 375±108)ms in NC group, P<0.05; lower limbs: SSR latency was(2 200±386)ms in MSA group, and(1 994±240)ms in NC group, P<0.05). Sex and age had no significant effect on the latency and the abnormal and disappeared rate of SSR in two groups (P>0.05). The upper and lower limb SSR latency in MSA patients with disease duration more than 2 years(SSR latency was (1 592±160)ms in upper limb and (2 268±254)ms in lower limb) were longer than those within 2 years(SSR latency was (1 453±184)ms in upper limb and (2 190±442)ms in lower limb), but only the upper limbs had significantly statistical differences (P<0.05). Both SSR abnormal rate and SSR disappeared rate in MSA patients whose disease duration were more than 2 years(SSR abnormal rate: 85.00%, SSR disappeared rate: 75.00%) were higher than those with shorter disease duration(SSR abnormal rate: 55.56%, SSR disappeared rate: 22.22%), and both were statistically significant (SSR abnormal rate: P<0.05, SSR disappeared rate: P<0.001). The upper and lower limb SSR latency of MSA-C subgroup had no statistical difference compared with MSA-P subgroup(P>0.05). The SSR abnormal rate in MSA-C subgroup(78.13%) was higher than that of MSA-P subgroup(46.76%), and were statistically significant (P<0.05). The SSR disappeared rate in MSA-C subgroup has no statistical difference compared with the MSA-P subgroup(P>0.05). Conclusions: SSR is helpful to diagnose MSA. The latency and the abnormal and disappeared rate of SSR are significantly increased with the extension of MSA duration. The SSR abnormal rate in MSA-C patients is higher than that in MSA-P patients, and symmetrically abnormal SSR is more supporting the diagnosis of MSA.

[Effect of prostate volume on the peripheral nerve block anesthesia in prostate biopsy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anesthetic efficacy of periprostatic nerve block in transrectal ultrasound(TRUS) guided biopsy on different prostate volume. METHODS: A total of 568 patients received prostate biopsy in Department of Urology, Subei People's Hospital from May 2013 to September 2015 were retrospectively studied. All patients were divided into local anesthesia group and nerve block group according to different way of anesthesia. Then each group was divided into four subgroups(20-40 ml, >40-60 ml, >60-100 ml and >100 ml subgroups) according to different prostate volume range. After being anaesthetized successfully, patients in two groups underwent prostate biopsy, visual analogue scale(VAS) scores, visual numeric scale(VNS)scores and complications were recorded and analyzed. At inter-group and intra-group in local anesthesia group and nerve block group, Mann-Whitney U test of non-parametric analysis and single factor variance analysis were used to compare the VAS scores and the VNS scores respectively, and chi-square test was used to compare the rates of complication. RESULTS: The VAS scores of four subgroups: local anesthesia group: 1.9±0.9, 2.8±1.5, 3.8±2.3 and 5.3±2.5; nerve block group: 1.5±0.7, 2.0±0.8, 2.9±1.7 and 4.2±2.0. The VNS scores: local anesthesia group: 3.4±0.6, 2.9±0.6, 2.7±0.5 and 1.6±0.7; nerve block group: 3.7±0.5, 3.3±0.4, 3.0±0.8 and 2.0±0.7. The VAS scores and the VNS scores had significant differences (Z=-3.637-98.253, all P<0.05) at inter-group or intra-group level. For the complication rates of operation, hematuria, blood, urinary retention were significant differences (F=1.347-15.402, all P<0.05) at intra-group level. But there were no significant differences at inter-group level(P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Compared with local anesthesia, ultrasound guided prostate peripheral nerve block anesthesia has great analgesic effect and high safety, but for patients with a large prostate volumethe analgesic effect is inefficiency.

[The correlation factor analysis for conversion of clinically isolated syndrome to multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the features of patients who converted from clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and explore the correlated factors. METHODS: A total of 151 patients admitted in our unit as CIS from January 2009 to December 2014 were enrolled in the study. All patients were divided into the following four groups by locations of the initial lesion, which were the spinal cord, the optic nerve, the brain stem and the multifocal lesions. Data were collected at the baseline including demographics, expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score, site of CIS, presence or absence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal bands (OB) and serum aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab), evoked potential (EP) and MRI lesions. The conversion rates from CIS to clinically definite MS or NMO were calculated and the correlated factors were explored. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up period of (44.11±17.62)months, 46/151(30.5%) patients converted to MS, 28/151 (18.5%) to definite NMO and 66/151 patients(43.7%)remained as CIS. Other patients were converted to optic neuritis(4/151), one-time transverse myelitis(3/151), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (1/151) and Balo concentric sclerosis(3/151) . The EDSS score was significantly higher in patients converted to NMO than those converted to MS (P=0.003). The initial manifestation of optic neuritis significantly correlated with the conversion to NMO (P=0.000), while the initial manifestation of CIS with multifocal lesions significantly correlated with the conversion to MS (P=0.000). Neither the isolated BAEP (P=0.703), VEP (P=0.076), SEP (P=0.915) nor the combination of two (P=0.546)or three (P=1.000) of the above parameters could help to distinguish the conversion to MS or NMO. More patients with positive CSF-OB converted to MS (P=0.001), while more patients with positive serum AQP4-Ab converted to NMO (P=0.001). More patients were serum AQP4-Ab positive in those converted to NMO than those converted to MS (P=0.000). Lesions longer than three vertebral segments were dominant in patients converted to NMO (P=0.000). The logistic regression analysis revealed that factors correlated with conversion from CIS to MS were the initial CIS manifestation of multifocal lesions (OR=4.775, P=0.002), positive CSF-OB (OR=7.794, P=0.002) and VEP abnormality (OR=7.251, P=0.001). Factors correlated with conversion from CIS to NMO were female in gender (OR=12.536, P=0.019), positive serum AQP4-Ab (OR=36.410, P=0.002), lesions longer than three vertebral segments (OR=93.602, P=0.001), abnormal VEP and SEP (OR=18.448, P=0.002; OR=12.731, P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Factors correlated with the conversion from CIS to MS are initial CIS manifestation of multifocal lesions, positive CSF-OB and abnormal VEP, while those correlated with the conversion from CIS to NMO are female in gender, positive serum AQP4-Ab, initial CIS manifestation with optic nerve, lesions involved more than three vertebral segments and abnormal VEP and SEP.